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ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¥ÙÙØªØ±ÙÙÙØª اÙÙ ÙØ¶ØØ ÙØªÙ ØªÙ Ø±ÙØ± Ø§ÙØ¥Ù ÙØ§Ùات اÙÙÙØ±Ø¨Ø§Ø¦ÙØ© ÙØ¹ÙÙÙØ§ عبر Ø§ÙØ³Ø§Ø¦Ù Ø¨ÙØ§Ø³Ø·Ø© ØØ±ÙØ© اÙÙØ§ØªÙÙÙØ§Øª ÙØ§ÙØ£ÙÙÙÙØ§Øª. ØªÙØ¬Ø°Ø¨ اÙÙØ§ØªÙÙÙØ§Øª (Ø£ÙÙÙØ§Øª Ø§ÙØµÙدÙÙÙ ) Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙØ·Ø¨ Ø§ÙØ³Ø§Ùب ÙØªÙاجر Ø¥ÙÙÙØ§. ØªÙØ¬Ø°Ø¨ Ø§ÙØ£ÙÙÙÙØ§Øª (Ø£ÙÙÙØ§Øª اÙÙÙÙØ±Ùد) Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙØ·Ø¨ اÙÙ ÙØ¬Ø¨ Ø«Ù ØªÙØ§Ø¬Ø± Ø¥ÙÙÙØ§. ب٠جرد ÙØµÙ٠أÙÙ٠اÙÙÙÙØ±Ùد Ø§ÙØ³Ø§Ùب Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙØ·Ø¨ اÙÙ ÙØ¬Ø¨ Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙ ÙØªØ¨Ø±Ø¹ بإÙÙØªØ±ÙÙ Ø ÙØ¨Ù جرد ÙØµÙ٠أÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØµÙدÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¥Ùجاب٠إÙ٠اÙÙØ·Ø¨ Ø§ÙØ³Ø§Ùب Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙ ÙÙØ³Ø¨ Ø§ÙØ¥ÙÙØªØ±ÙÙ. Ù٠ر اÙÙÙØ±Ø¨Ø§Ø¦ÙØ©Ø§ÙØ¥ÙÙØªØ±Ù٠اÙÙ ØÙÙ (ÙÙÙØ±Ùد Ø¥ÙÙ ØµÙØ¯ÙÙÙ ) عبر Ù ÙÙØ§Ø³ Ø§ÙØªÙار اÙÙÙØ±Ø¨Ø§Ø¦Ù ÙÙØ³Ø¬Ù ÙØªÙار (Ù ÙØµÙÙØ©Â ÙÙØ±Ø¨Ø§Ø¦ÙØ©).
٠٠اÙÙ ÙÙ Ù ÙØ§ØØ¸Ø© أ٠اÙÙ ÙØµÙÙØ© اÙÙÙØ±Ø¨Ø§Ø¦ÙØ© ÙØ§ ØªØ®Ø¨Ø±ÙØ§ بÙÙØ¹ Ø§ÙØ£ÙÙÙØ§Øª اÙÙ ÙØ¬Ùدة. Ø§ÙØªÙصÙÙÙØ© ÙÙ ÙÙØ· ÙÙØ§Ø³ ÙØ³Ø¨Ù ÙÙØ¹Ø¯Ø¯ اÙÙÙÙ ÙÙØ£ÙÙÙØ§Øª اÙÙ ÙØ¬Ùدة. Ø£ÙØ¶Ø§ Ø Ø¨Ø¹Ø¶ Ø§ÙØ£ÙÙÙØ§Øª ØªØ¨Ø¯Ù Ù ÙØµÙÙØ©Â ÙÙØ±Ø¨Ø§Ø¦ÙØ© أعÙÙ Ù Ù ØºÙØ±Ùا ÙØ£ÙÙØ§ Ø£ÙØ«Ø± ØØ±ÙØ©. Ø£ÙÙÙØ§Øª اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙجÙÙ ÙÙ Ø£ÙØ«Ø± Ø§ÙØ£ÙÙÙØ§Øª Ù ÙØµÙØ©. Ø£ÙÙÙØ§Øª اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙÙØ³Ùد ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ£Ùثر Ù ÙØµÙØ© بعد ذÙÙ. Ø¬Ù ÙØ¹ Ø§ÙØ£ÙÙÙØ§Øª Ø§ÙØ£Ø®Ø±Ù ØªÙØ¹ ØªØØª ÙØ§ØªÙÙ Ø§ÙØ£Ù رÙÙ Ø¨ÙØ¯Ø± ٠ا ÙØ´Ø¹Ø± باÙÙÙ٠اÙÙ ÙØµÙÙØ©.
عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ Ø«Ø§Ù Ø ÙØ¯ ÙØ¹Ø·Ù Ù ØÙÙÙ ÙØ¨Ø±Ùتات اÙÙØ§ÙسÙÙÙ ÙÙØ³ اÙÙ ÙØµÙÙØ© اÙÙÙØ±Ø¨Ø§Ø¦ÙØ© ÙÙ ØÙÙÙ Ù Ù ÙÙÙØ±Ùد Ø§ÙØµÙدÙÙ٠عÙÙ Ø§ÙØ±ØºÙ ٠٠أ٠٠ØÙÙÙ ÙØ¨Ø±Ùتات اÙÙØ§ÙسÙÙÙ ÙØ¯ ÙØØªÙ٠عÙ٠أÙÙÙØ§Øª Ø£ÙØ«Ø± إج٠اÙÙÙØ§ Ù Ù Ù ØÙÙÙ ÙÙÙØ±Ùد Ø§ÙØµÙدÙÙÙ . ÙØ°Ø§ ÙØ£Ù Ø§ÙØµÙدÙÙÙ ÙØ§ÙÙÙÙØ±Ùد Ù٠ا Ø£ÙÙÙØ§Øª أصغر ÙÙÙØªÙÙØ§Ù عبر اÙÙ ØÙÙ٠بسرعة Ø£ÙØ¨Ø±.
Ù٠ا ستعرض اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù اÙÙÙÙØ© بعض اÙÙ ÙØµÙÙØ© اÙÙÙØ±Ø¨Ø§Ø¦ÙØ©Ø Ø¹ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ±ØºÙ Ù Ù ÙÙØ© ØªÙØµÙÙÙØ§. ÙÙØ±Ø¬Ø¹ ذÙ٠إÙÙ ØÙÙÙØ© أ٠اÙ٠اء سÙÙ ÙØ¤ÙÙ Ù٠٠٠أÙÙ٠اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙجÙÙ ÙØ£ÙÙÙØ§Øª اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙÙØ³Ùد (OH) بشÙÙ Ø·ÙÙ٠جدا. Ø£Ø°ÙØ± أ٠اÙ٠اء ÙØªØ£Ù٠إÙÙ ØØ¯ 1 à 10-7 Ù ÙÙ ÙÙÙ ÙØªØ± Ø ÙÙÙØªØ¬ 1×10-7 Ù ÙÙ/ ÙØªØ± ٠٠أÙÙÙØ§Øª اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙجÙÙ ÙÙÙØ³ Ø§ÙØ¹Ø¯Ø¯ Ù Ù Ù ÙÙ/ÙØªØ± ٠٠أÙÙÙØ§Øª اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙÙØ³Ùد.
H2O ——-> [H +] + [OH-]
What is Conductivity Definition
Water conductivity is a measurement of dissolved ions. Water conductivity indirectly measures ions by measuring the passage of electrons through a sample of water. Solutions which have a lot of dissolved ions will have a high conductivity. Solutions which have a low concentration of dissolved ions will have a low conductivity.
Water Conductivity: Pure Water vs Seawater
Conductance in a solution actually involves the movement of ions. Picture shows an apparatus which can be used to show that solutions of dissolved ions (dissolved salts) in water will pass the electric potential of a battery through them and allow the light bulb to light. Electrolyte definition is simply a solution which will conduct a current.
Water Conductivity Measurement Using Apparatus
Positively-charged ions are called âcationsâ, negatively-charged ions are called âanions.â Cations are formed when one or more electrons are lost from an atom or a group of atoms, anions are formed when one or more electrons are gained by an atom or group of atoms. An electrolyte contains cations and anions. The more cations & anions present, the higher the conductivity. If the amount of current passing through a solution is measured with a conductivity meter, we can tell relatively how many ions are dissolved in the solution. When more current passes through the solution, we know more ions are present.
Water Conductivity decreases as temperature decreases, whereas the conductance of a solid conductor (such as a copper wire) increases with decreasing temperature. Water Conductance in would therefore appear to be different than in a solid, and it is. Water Conductivity actually occurs as a result of positive and negative ions moving through the solution. This is illustrated in the picture. Table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), has been dissolved in water to create an electrolyte, and an ammeter has been installed to measure current.
Water Conductivity Measurement Using Salt Ammeter
In the electrolyte shown above, the electric potential is actually being passed through the liquid by the movement of cations and anions. The cations (sodium ions) are attracted to the negative electrode and migrate to it. The anions (chloride ions) are attracted to the positive electrode then migrate to it. Once a negative chloride ion reaches the positive pole, it donates an electron, and once a positive sodium ion reaches the negative pole it gains an electron. The transferred electron (chloride to sodium) passes through the ammeter and registers as current (conductivity).
It is important to note that water conductivity does not tell us what type of ions are present. Conductivity is only a relative measurement of the total number of ions present. Also, some ions exhibit a higher conductivity than others because they are more mobile. Hydrogen ions are the most conductive ions. Hydroxide ions are the next most conductive. All other ions fall below these two as far as conductivity is concerned.
For example, a solution of calcium sulfate may give the same conductivity as a solution of NaCl although the calcium sulfate solution may have more total ions than the sodium chloride solution. This is because sodium and chloride are smaller ions and travel through the solution much more rapidly.
Pure water will also exhibit some, although very little, conductivity. This is due to the fact that water will ionize each of the hydrogen ion and hydroxide (OH) ions very slightly. Recall that water ionizes to the extent of 1 x 10^-7 moles per liter, producing 1×10^-7 moles/liter of hydrogen ions and same number of mol/l of hydroxide ions.
H2O ——-> [H+] + [OH-]
٠ا ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ±Ù٠اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙجÙÙÙ – Ù ÙÙØ§Ø³ Ø§ÙØ£Ø³ اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙجÙÙÙ
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ÙØ³ØªØ®Ø¯Ù اÙÙ ØµØ·ÙØ Ø§ÙØ£Ø³ اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙجÙÙÙ ÙÙØµÙ ٠ا إذا ÙØ§Ù اÙÙ ØÙÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ Ø£Ù ØØ§Ù ضÙ. Ø£ÙØ¶Ù ÙØµÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØÙ ÙØ¶Ø© ÙØ§ÙÙÙÙÙØ© ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¹Ùدة Ø¥Ù٠ثابت Ø§ÙØªÙÙÙ.
باÙÙØ¸Ø± Ø¥ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ£Ø³ اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙجÙÙÙ ØÙ٠ترÙÙØ² اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙجÙÙ H + ion Ø ÙØ±Ù Ø£Ù٠٠ع Ø§Ø±ØªÙØ§Ø¹ ترÙÙØ² H + (ÙÙÙ٠ترÙÙØ² OH) ÙØØµÙ Ø¹Ù٠رÙÙ Ø³ÙØ¨Ù أصغر. ÙØ¨Ø§ÙÙ Ø«Ù Ø Ù Ø¹ Ø§Ø±ØªÙØ§Ø¹ ترÙÙØ² اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙÙØ³Ùد (ÙÙÙ٠ترÙÙØ² H +) ÙØØµÙ Ø¹Ù٠رÙÙ Ø³ÙØ¨Ù Ø£ÙØ¨Ø±.
[H +] x [OH-] = 1.0 x 10 ^ -14
Ù
ع Ø¥Ø¶Ø§ÙØ© Ø§ÙØÙ
ض (H +)
1.0 x 10 ^ -5 x 1.0 x 10 ^ -9 = 1.0 x 10 ^ -14
Ù
ع Ø¥Ø¶Ø§ÙØ© اÙÙØ§Ø¹Ø¯Ø© (OH-)
1.0 x 10 ^ -9 x 1.0 x 10 ^ -5 = 1.0 x 10 ^ -14
تغÙÙØ±Ø§Øª Ø§ÙØ£Ø³ اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙجÙÙ٠٠ع Ø§ÙØªØºÙرات ÙÙ H + ÙØªØ±ÙÙØ²Ø§Øª OH
٠ع أخذ ذÙÙ ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ§Ø¹ØªØ¨Ø§Ø± Ø Ø¹ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¹Ù٠اء أ٠طرÙÙØ© Ø£ÙØ«Ø± Ù ÙØ§Ø¡Ù Ø© ÙÙØµÙ ترÙÙØ² Ø£ÙÙ٠اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙجÙÙ Ù٠اÙÙ ØÙÙÙ Ù٠أخذ اÙÙÙØºØ§Ø±ÙØªÙ Ø§ÙØ³Ø§Ùب ÙØªØ±ÙÙØ² Ø£ÙÙÙØ§Øª اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙجÙÙ. اÙÙÙØºØ§Ø±Ùث٠ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ£Ø³ اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙجÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØ°Ù ÙØªÙ Ø±ÙØ¹ رÙ٠أساس Ù ÙÙ ÙØ¥Ùتاج رÙ٠٠عÙÙ. Ù ÙØ§ØØ¸Ø©: Ø³ÙØ³ØªØ®Ø¯Ù عادة ÙØ§Ø¹Ø¯Ø© Ù Ù 10.
٠ثاÙ: Ø§ÙØ³Ø¬Ù (اÙÙÙØºØ§Ø±Ùت٠) Ù Ù 100 ÙÙ 2: عشرة ٠رÙÙØ¹ Ø¥ÙÙ ÙÙØ© 2 (102).
٠ثاÙ: سج٠127 ÙÙ 2.1 (عÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¢ÙØ© Ø§ÙØØ§Ø³Ø¨Ø© Ø§ÙØ¹ÙÙ ÙØ© Ø Ø£Ø¯Ø®Ù 127 Ø Ø«Ù Ø§Ø¶ØºØ· اÙÙ ÙØªØ§Ø [LOG]).
| رÙÙ | ÙÙØºØ§Ø±Ùت٠| رÙÙ | ÙÙØºØ§Ø±Ùت٠|
| 1 = 1 X 10^0 | 0 | 1.0 = 1 X 10^0 | 0 |
| 10 = 1 X 10^1 | 1 | 0.1 = 1 X 10^-1 | -1 |
| 100 = 1 X 10^2 | 2 | 0.01 = 1 X 10^-2 | -2 |
| 1000 = 1 X 10^3 | 3 | 0.001 = 1 X 10^-3 | -3 |
| 10000 = 1 X 10^4 | 4 | 0.0001 = 1 X 10^-4 | -4 |
| 100000 = 1 X 10^5 | 5 | 0.00001 = 1 X 10^-5 | -5 |
| 1000000 = 1 X 10^6 | 6 | 0.000001 = 1 X 10^-6 | -6 |
| 10000000 = 1 X 10^7 | 7 | 0.0000001 = 1 X 10^-7 | -7 |
ر٠ز Ø§ÙØ³Ø¬Ù Ø§ÙØ³Ø§Ùب ÙÙ “p”. ÙØ°ÙÙ Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ø§ÙØ³Ø¬Ù Ø§ÙØ³ÙØ¨Ù ÙØªØ±ÙÙØ² Ø£ÙÙ٠اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙجÙÙ ÙÙ “Ù ÙÙØ§Ø³ Ø§ÙØ£Ø³ اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙجÙÙÙ”. ÙØ³Ø±Ø¯ Ø§ÙØ¬Ø¯ÙÙ Ø£Ø¯ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØ¹Ø¯Ùد ٠٠ترÙÙØ²Ø§Øª Ø£ÙÙÙØ§Øª اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙجÙÙ ÙØªØ±ÙÙØ²Ø§Øª ÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙÙØ³Ùد ÙØ¯Ø±Ø¬Ø© Ø§ÙØÙ ÙØ¶Ø© اÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¨ÙØ© Ù pOH. ÙØ§ØØ¸ Ø£Ù Ø§ÙØ±Ù٠اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙجÙÙÙ 7 Ù ØØ§Ùدة ÙØ£Ù ترÙÙØ² Ø£ÙÙ٠اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙجÙÙ [H +] ÙØªØ±ÙÙØ² اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙÙØ³Ùد [OH-] Ù٠ا ÙÙØ³ Ø§ÙØ´ÙØ¡. Ù٠ا ÙØ²Ùد [H +] Ø ÙÙÙØµ Ø§ÙØ£Ø³ اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙجÙÙÙ.
| H+ (mol/L) | OH- (mol/L) | ||||
| عدد عشر٠| SN | pH | عدد عشر٠| SN | pOH |
| 0.00000000000001 | 1 X 10^-14 | 14 | 1.0 | 1 X 10^0 | 0 |
| 0.0000000000001 | 1 X 10^-13 | 13 | 0.1 | 1 X 10^-1 | 1 |
| 0.000000000001 | 1 X 10^-12 | 12 | 0.01 | 1 X 10^-2 | 2 |
| 0.00000000001 | 1 X 10^-11 | 11 | 0.001 | 1 X 10^-3 | 3 |
| 0.0000000001 | 1 X 10^-10 | 10 | 0.0001 | 1 X 10^-4 | 4 |
| 0.000000001 | 1 X 10^-9 | 9 | 0.00001 | 1 X 10^-5 | 5 |
| 0.00000001 | 1 X 10^-8 | 8 | 0.000001 | 1 X 10^-6 | 6 |
| 0.0000001 | 1 X 10^-7 | 7 | 0.0000001 | 1 X 10^-7 | 7 |
| 0.000001 | 1 X 10^-6 | 6 | 0.00000001 | 1 X 10^-8 | 8 |
| 0.00001 | 1 X 10^-5 | 5 | 0.000000001 | 1 X 10^-9 | 9 |
| 0.0001 | 1 X 10^-4 | 4 | 0.0000000001 | 1 X 10^-10 | 10 |
| 0.001 | 1 X 10^-3 | 3 | 0.00000000001 | 1 X 10^-11 | 11 |
| 0.01 | 1 X 10^-2 | 2 | 0.000000000001 | 1 X 10^-12 | 12 |
| 0.1 | 1 X 10^-1 | 1 | 0.0000000000001 | 1 X 10^-13 | 13 |
| 1.0 | 1 X 10^-0 | 0 | 0.00000000000001 | 1 X 10^-14 | 14 |
What is pH – pH Scale Definition
pH refers to the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. The lower the pH the more hydrogen
ions present. The higher the pH the fewer hydrogen ions present
pH scale: Concentration of Hydrogen ions
The acidity and alkalinity of a solution is extremely important in Reverse Osmosis water treatment due to factors such as membrane degradation, membrane cleaning, etc. This is because certain chemical reactions will only take place at specific pH values.
The term pH is used to describe whether a solution is alkaline or acidic. The concept of acidity and alkalinity may best be described by going back to the dissociation constant.
Looking at the exponent on the concentration of Hydrogen H+ ion, we see that as the H+ concentration goes up (and OH- concentration goes down) we get a smaller negative number. Likewise, as Hydroxide OH- concentration goes up (and H+ concentration goes down) we get a larger negative number.
[H+] x [OH-] = 1.0 x 10^-14
With addition of acid (H+)
1.0 x 10^-5 x 1.0 x 10^-9 = 1.0 x 10^-14
With addition of base (OH-)
1.0 x 10^-9 x 1.0 x 10^-5 = 1.0 x 10^-14
Exponent changes with changes in H+ and OH- concentrations
Taking this into consideration, scientists learned that a more convenient way to describe the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is to take the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. A logarithm is the exponent to which a base number is raised to produce a given number. NOTE: We will usually use a base of 10.
EXAMPLE: The log (logarithm) of 100 is 2: Ten raised to the power of 2 (102).
EXAMPLE: The log of 127 is 2.1 (On a scientific calculator, enter 127, then push the [LOG] key).
| NUMBER | LOG | NUMBER | LOG |
| 1 = 1 X 10^0 | 0 | 1.0 = 1 X 10^0 | 0 |
| 10 = 1 X 10^1 | 1 | 0.1 = 1 X 10^-1 | -1 |
| 100 = 1 X 10^2 | 2 | 0.01 = 1 X 10^-2 | -2 |
| 1000 = 1 X 10^3 | 3 | 0.001 = 1 X 10^-3 | -3 |
| 10000 = 1 X 10^4 | 4 | 0.0001 = 1 X 10^-4 | -4 |
| 100000 = 1 X 10^5 | 5 | 0.00001 = 1 X 10^-5 | -5 |
| 1000000 = 1 X 10^6 | 6 | 0.000001 = 1 X 10^-6 | -6 |
| 10000000 = 1 X 10^7 | 7 | 0.0000001 = 1 X 10^-7 | -7 |
The symbol for the negative log is “p”. Therefore, the negative log of the Hydrogen ion concentration is “pH”. Table below lists several hydrogen ion concentrations, hydroxide concentrations, and the corresponding pH and pOH. Note that a pH of 7 is neutral because the Hydrogen ion concentration [H+] and hydroxide concentration [OH-] are the same. As [H+] increases, pH decreases.
| H+ (mol/L) | OH- (mol/L) | ||||
| Decimal | SN | pH | Decimal | SN | pOH |
| 0.00000000000001 | 1 X 10^-14 | 14 | 1.0 | 1 X 10^0 | 0 |
| 0.0000000000001 | 1 X 10^-13 | 13 | 0.1 | 1 X 10^-1 | 1 |
| 0.000000000001 | 1 X 10^-12 | 12 | 0.01 | 1 X 10^-2 | 2 |
| 0.00000000001 | 1 X 10^-11 | 11 | 0.001 | 1 X 10^-3 | 3 |
| 0.0000000001 | 1 X 10^-10 | 10 | 0.0001 | 1 X 10^-4 | 4 |
| 0.000000001 | 1 X 10^-9 | 9 | 0.00001 | 1 X 10^-5 | 5 |
| 0.00000001 | 1 X 10^-8 | 8 | 0.000001 | 1 X 10^-6 | 6 |
| 0.0000001 | 1 X 10^-7 | 7 | 0.0000001 | 1 X 10^-7 | 7 |
| 0.000001 | 1 X 10^-6 | 6 | 0.00000001 | 1 X 10^-8 | 8 |
| 0.00001 | 1 X 10^-5 | 5 | 0.000000001 | 1 X 10^-9 | 9 |
| 0.0001 | 1 X 10^-4 | 4 | 0.0000000001 | 1 X 10^-10 | 10 |
| 0.001 | 1 X 10^-3 | 3 | 0.00000000001 | 1 X 10^-11 | 11 |
| 0.01 | 1 X 10^-2 | 2 | 0.000000000001 | 1 X 10^-12 | 12 |
| 0.1 | 1 X 10^-1 | 1 | 0.0000000000001 | 1 X 10^-13 | 13 |
| 1.0 | 1 X 10^-0 | 0 | 0.00000000000001 | 1 X 10^-14 | 14 |



