What is Silt Density Index SDI Definition
The Silt Density Index (SDI) is an analytical procedure which measures the fouling potential of a sample stream, it is basically the parameter most used to determine how much pretreatment is required in designing Reverse Osmosis Systems. In reality, it is a very rough indicator of fouling potential. SDI is based upon the principal that when a filter gets plugged, less water will pass through at the same pressure. Less water passes through because of the resistance to flow caused by particles plugging the spaces in the filtering medium.
Silt Density Index SDI for Clean vs Dirty/Fouled Filter
A sample stream of the raw water is filtered through a new 0.45 micron membrane filter for fifteen minutes. The amount of time required to pass 500 ml through the filter is measured initially, (when the membrane filter is clean), and again after fifteen minutes worth of suspended material have been filtered. The reduction in flow rate (longer time to pass 500 ml at the end of the 15 minute period) is a crude measurement of the fouling potential of the stream.
SDI filter pads after testing turbidity in seawater
Most spiral wound RO membrane element manufacturers require that an RO System feed water has a fifteen minute SDI value (SDI15) of less than 5 (one manufacturer requires less than 4). An SDI15 of 5 is obtained when it takes four times longer to pass 500 ml after fifteen minutes worth of suspended solids have been deposited on the membrane than it did during the initial 500 ml. Most hollow fiber element manufacturers require that the SDI15 be less than 3.
When a membrane element supplier requires that an RO System feed water SDI15 be less than 5, this means that the feed water SDI15 must be less than 5 as it enters the Reverse Osmosis System The problem is that the particles may grow. In the case of living particles, they grow and reproduce like any organism. They add mass by accumulating nutrients from the environment. They add numbers by reproduction. Nonliving particles may grow in an Reverse Osmosis System as well. They grow by physical/chemical means called coagulation or agglomeration.
The purpose of our pretreatment equipment is to remove the relatively large particulate matter from the feed stream so it does not plug the Reverse Osmosis Systen and to limit the number of living particles entering a unit. The purpose of dispersant addition is to then keep the smaller, especially nonliving particles from agglomerating (growing larger) and remaining in the RO System.
Silt Density Index SDI and Reverse Osmosis System
Since SDI is a measurement of both living, dead, and nonliving particulate matter greater than 0.45 micron, it is a useful tool to determine the fouling potential of a feed water and how much pretreatment equipment will be required. Some general guidelines on what it will take to maintain an RO unitâs feed water SDI at less than 4 – 5 are:
| RAW WATER SDI | PRETREATMENT REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE SDI < 5 |
| Greater than 10 – 20 | Clarification, MMF, CF, +/- Dispersant (plugs in less than 5 – 10 mns) |
| 7 – 8 TO 10 – 20 | MMF (with polymer addition), CF, +/- Dispersant |
| 5 TO 7 – 8 | MMF, CF, +/- Dispersant |
| Less than 5 | CF, +/- Dispersant |
What is a Reverse Osmosis System – RO System Definition
A Reverse Osmosis System is basically the application of the reverse of the Osmosis process. Where pure water is produced out of brackish or seawater by applying a pressure to the concentrated salt solution above the applied and osmotic back pressures. An Industrial Reverse Osmosis System works the same way as illustrated. Net driving pressure (NDP) forces water through the membrane. In an operating Reverse Osmosis system, feed water is pressurized by a high pressure pump. Due to Net Driving Pressure (NDP), a portion of the feed water is forced through the Reverse Osmosis semipermeable membrane.
The membrane is completely impermeable (wonât allow passage) to particles and only slightly permeable to dissolved substances. The water that passes through the membrane is called permeate. Permeate usually has very few particles in it. Unless there is a membrane defect (hole) or other problem, any particles found in the permeate were produced there (either from bacteria or equipment). Permeate is also low in dissolved substances (a small amount of dissolved solids does pass through the membrane). Permeate, therefore, is a relatively high purity water. Figure below illustrates a Reverse Osmosis System in the format we have been using so far.
Reverse Osmosis System (RO System) Illustration
Reverse Osmosis System Operation and Flushing
We know that when we pressurize the feed water and water passes through the membrane, the feed water is concentrated. If the concentration in the feed water gets high enough, the osmotic back pressure will rise to eventually give us a Net Driving Pressure (NDP) of zero and the flow will stop. In a Reverse Osmosis System, then, we must flush away the dissolved substances from the membrane surface so that the osmotic back pressure wonât keep going up. This is different from the other filters that we usually work with. Most of the filters that we have dealt with in our lives have been âfull flowâ, âaccumulativeâ types of filters. âFull flowâ means that there is one stream in (feed water) and one stream out (filtrate). âAccumulativeâ means that the filtered âstuffâ accumulate in or on the filter.
From coffee filters, to cartridge filters, to multimedia filters, this has been the case. The feed water goes in, the filter removes the âstuffâ that we want to take. When the filter gets full, we backwash or replace the filter. Membrane systems canât be full flow or accumulative. With an RO membrane, we are filtering out ions which have an osmotic pressure. What would happen if we continue to filter out dissolved substances which produce an osmotic back pressure? Answer: The process would stop.
A Reverse Osmosis System therefore, must have a flushing flow which carries away the dissolved and suspended substances. This waste stream is called concentrate. A Reverse Osmosis System (RO System), therefore, has one stream going into it (Feed Water), and two streams coming out (Permeate & Concentrate).
The following illustration also shows a Reverse Osmosis System with a 100 gpm (22.7 m3/hr) feed water flow. The Net Driving Pressure (NDP) supplied by a high pressure pump forces around 75% of the feed water through the membrane. The water, suspended particles, and dissolved substances which donât go through the membrane are concentrated and exit the Reverse Osmosis System as concentrate.
Reverse Osmosis System Operation Example
Reverse Osmosis System Contaminants Removal
Most water constituents retains on the feed side of the Reverse Osmosis membrane depending on their size and electric charge. While the purified water (permeate) passes through the membrane. Figure below illustrates the sizes and types of solids removed by Reverse Osmosis membranes as compared to other commonly used filtration technologies. RO membranes can reject particulate and dissolved solids of practically any size. However, they do not reject well gases, because of their small molecular size. Usually Reverse Osmosis membranes remove over 90 percent of compounds of 200 daltons (Da) or more. One Da is equal to 1.666054 Ã 10â24 g. In terms of physical size, RO membranes can reject well solids larger than 1 (Angstrom) Ã . This means that they can remove practically all suspended solids, protozoa (i.e., Giardia and Cryptosporidium), bacteria, viruses, and other human pathogens contained in the source water. Reverse Osmosis membranes are designed to primarily reject soluble compounds (mineral ions) while retaining both particulate and dissolved solids.
BQUA Reverse Osmosis RO Membrane Contaminant Removal
The structure and configuration of Reverse Osmosis membranes is such that they cannot store and remove from their surface large amounts of suspended solids. If left in the source water, the solid particulates would accumulate and quickly plug (foul) the surface of the Reverse Osmosis membranes. Not allowing the membranes to maintain a continuous steady-state desalination process. Therefore, the suspended solids (particulates) in desalination feed water must be removed before reaching the RO membranes.
Over the past 20 years, RO membrane separation has evolved more rapidly than any other desalination technology. Mainly because of its competitive energy consumption and water production costs. Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis System (BWRO) yields the lowest overall production costs of all the desalination technologies. It is also important to note that the latest Multi-Effect Distillation MED projects built over the last 5 years have been completed at costs comparable to those for similarly sized Seawater Reverse Osmosis plants. Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) desalination – for the majority of medium and large projects – is usually is more cost competitive than thermal desalination technologies.
Example of an Industrial Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis System BWRO
٠ا ÙÙ Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹Ùس٠– تعرÙÙ
Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹Ùس٠ÙÙ ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ£Ø³Ø§Ø³ Ø¹ÙØ³ ع٠ÙÙØ© Ø§ÙØªÙاضØ. ÙØ¬Ø¯ Ø§ÙØ¹Ù٠اء Ø£Ù Ù٠٠ا ÙÙ Ù Ø·ÙÙØ¨ ÙØ¹Ùس ع٠ÙÙØ© Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ù٠غشاء Ø´Ø¨Ù ÙØ§Ùذ Ù ÙØ§Ø³Ø¨ ÙØªØ·Ø¨Ù٠ضغط عÙÙ Ù ØÙÙ٠اÙÙ ÙØ اÙÙ Ø±ÙØ² Ø¨Ø¬Ø§ÙØ¨ Ø§ÙØ¶ØºØ· Ø§ÙØ®ÙÙ٠اÙÙ Ø·Ø¨ÙØ ٠٠ا ÙØ¬Ø¨Ø± اÙ٠اء اÙÙÙ٠عÙ٠اÙÙ Ø±ÙØ± Ø®ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡ شب٠اÙÙØ§Ùذ. ÙØ¨Ø¹Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ø© Ø£Ø®Ø±Ù Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹Ùس٠ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¹Ù ÙÙØ© Ø§ÙØªÙ ÙØªÙ ÙÙÙØ§ ضغط اÙ٠اء اÙÙ ØØªÙ٠عÙÙ Ø§ÙØ£Ù ÙØ§Ø ØºÙØ± Ø§ÙØ¹Ø¶ÙÙØ© (اÙ٠عادÙ) ÙØ§ÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ Ø§ÙØµÙبة Ø§ÙØ¹Ø§ÙÙØ© ÙØ§ÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ Ø§ÙØ¹Ø¶ÙÙØ© اÙÙØ§Ø¨ÙØ© ÙÙØ°ÙØ¨Ø§Ù ÙØºÙر اÙÙØ§Ø¨ÙØ© ÙÙØ°ÙØ¨Ø§Ù Ø ÙØ§ÙÙØ§Ø¦Ùات Ø§ÙØ¯ÙÙÙØ© اÙÙ Ø§Ø¦ÙØ© Ø ÙØ§Ùغازات Ø§ÙØ°Ø§Ø¦Ø¨Ø© (Ø§ÙØªÙ تس٠٠٠جت٠عة Ù ÙÙÙØ§Øª Ø£Ù Ù ÙÙØ«Ø§Øª اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù) ØªØØª Ø§ÙØ¶ØºØ· Ù Ù Ø®ÙØ§Ù غشاء ÙØµÙ ÙØ§Ùذ. ÙØ´Ùر Ù ØµØ·ÙØ ÙØµÙ ÙØ§Ùذ Ø¥Ù٠غشاء ÙØ³Ù Ø Ø¨Ø´ÙÙ Ø§ÙØªÙائ٠ÙÙ٠اء باÙÙ Ø±ÙØ± عبر٠ب٠عد٠أعÙÙ Ø¨ÙØ«Ùر ٠٠٠عد٠ÙÙ٠أ٠٠ÙÙÙØ§Øª Ù ÙØ¬Ùدة Ù٠اÙ٠اء. Ù Ø¹Ø±ÙØ© اÙÙ Ø²ÙØ¯ Ø¹Ù Ø§ÙØ£ØºØ´ÙØ© ٠دÙÙØ¹Ø© Ø§ÙØ¶ØºØ· ÙÙØ§. إذا ØªÙ ÙØµÙ اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù ذات اÙÙ ÙÙØØ© Ø§ÙØ¹Ø§ÙÙØ© ع٠اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù ذات اÙÙ ÙÙØØ© اÙÙ ÙØ®Ùضة عبر غشاء ÙØµÙ ÙØ§Ùذ Ø ØªØØ¯Ø« ع٠ÙÙØ© Ø·Ø¨ÙØ¹ÙØ© ÙÙÙ٠اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù Ù Ù Ø¬Ø§ÙØ¨ Ù ÙØ®Ùض اÙÙ ÙÙØØ© Ø¥ÙÙ Ø¬Ø§ÙØ¨ اÙÙ ÙÙØØ© اÙÙ Ø±ØªÙØ¹ Ù Ù Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡ Ø¥Ù٠أ٠تص٠اÙÙ ÙÙØØ© ÙÙ ÙÙØ§ Ø§ÙØ¬Ø§ÙبÙ٠إÙÙ ÙÙØ³ اÙ٠ستÙÙ. ترÙÙØ². ØªØØ¯Ø« ÙØ°Ù Ø§ÙØ¹Ù ÙÙØ© Ø§ÙØ·Ø¨ÙØ¹ÙØ© ÙÙÙ٠اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù Ù Ù Ø®ÙØ§Ù غشاء ٠دÙÙØ¹ بتدرج اÙÙ ÙÙØØ© ÙÙ ÙÙ Ø®ÙÙØ© ØÙØ© Ø ÙØ¹Ø±Ù Ø¨Ø§Ø³Ù Ø§ÙØªÙاضØ.
Ø¥Ù Ø§ÙØ¶ØºØ· اÙÙÙØ¯Ø±ÙÙÙÙ٠اÙ٠طب٠عÙÙ Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡ باÙ٠اء Ø£Ø«ÙØ§Ø¡ ÙÙÙÙ Ù Ù Ø¬Ø§ÙØ¨ اÙÙ ÙÙØØ© اÙÙ ÙØ®Ùض Ù Ù Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡ Ø¥ÙÙ Ø¬Ø§ÙØ¨ اÙÙ ÙÙØØ© Ø§ÙØ¹Ø§ÙÙØ© ÙØ³Ù Ù Ø§ÙØ¶ØºØ· Ø§ÙØªÙاضØÙ. Ø§ÙØ¶ØºØ· Ø§ÙØªÙاضØÙ ÙÙ ÙÙØ© Ø·Ø¨ÙØ¹ÙØ© ØªØ´Ø¨Ù Ø§ÙØ¬Ø§Ø°Ø¨ÙØ© ÙØªØªÙاسب ٠ع اÙÙØ±Ù Ù٠ترÙÙØ² اÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ Ø§ÙØµÙبة Ø§ÙØ°Ø§Ø¦Ø¨Ø© اÙÙÙÙØ© (Ø§ÙØ§Ù ÙØ§Ø Ø§ÙØ°Ø§Ø¦Ø¨Ø©) عÙÙ Ø¬Ø§ÙØ¨Ù Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡ Ø ÙØ¯Ø±Ø¬Ø© ØØ±Ø§Ø±Ø© اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù اÙ٠صدر Ø ÙØ£ÙÙØ§Ø¹ Ø§ÙØ£ÙÙÙØ§Øª Ø§ÙØªÙ تشÙÙ Ù ØØªÙ٠اÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ Ø§ÙØµÙبة Ø§ÙØ°Ø§Ø¦Ø¨Ø© Ù٠اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù اÙ٠صدر . ÙØ°Ø§ Ø§ÙØ¶ØºØ· ٠ستÙ٠ع٠ÙÙØ¹ Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡ ÙÙØ³Ù. Ù Ù Ø£Ø¬Ù Ø¥Ø²Ø§ÙØ© اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØ¹Ø°Ø¨Ø© (ÙÙÙÙØ© اÙÙ ÙÙØØ©) Ù Ù Ù ÙØ§Ù ٠صدر عاÙÙØ© اÙÙ ÙÙØØ© باستخدا٠اÙÙØµÙ Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¦Ù Ø ÙØ¬Ø¨ Ø¹ÙØ³ ØØ±ÙØ© اÙ٠اء Ø¨Ø¯Ø§ÙØ¹ Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ·Ø¨ÙØ¹Ù Ø Ø£Ù ÙØ¬Ø¨ ÙÙ٠اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØ¹Ø°Ø¨Ø© Ù Ù Ø¬Ø§ÙØ¨ اÙÙ ÙÙØØ© Ø§ÙØ¹Ø§ÙÙØ© Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡ Ø¥ÙÙ Ø¬Ø§ÙØ¨ Ù ÙØ®Ùض اÙÙ ÙÙØØ©. Ù Ù Ø£Ø¬Ù ÙØ°Ø§ Ø§ÙØ§ÙØ¹ÙØ§Ø³ ÙÙØ§ØªØ¬Ø§Ù Ø§ÙØ·Ø¨ÙØ¹Ù ÙØªØ¯Ù٠اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØ¹Ø°Ø¨Ø© Ø ÙØ¬Ø¨ Ø£Ù ÙØªÙ ضغط ٠اء ٠صدر اÙÙ ÙÙØØ© Ø§ÙØ¹Ø§ÙÙ Ø¹ÙØ¯ ٠ستÙ٠أعÙÙ Ù Ù Ø§ÙØ¶ØºØ· Ø§ÙØªÙاضØÙ Ø§ÙØ°Ù ÙØØ¯Ø« بشÙÙ Ø·Ø¨ÙØ¹Ù.
إذا ÙØ§Ù ضغط اÙ٠اء Ø§ÙØ¹Ø§Ù٠اÙÙ ÙÙØØ© Ù Ø³ØªÙ Ø±ÙØ§ Ø¹ÙØ¯ ٠ستÙ٠أعÙÙ Ù Ù Ø§ÙØ¶ØºØ· Ø§ÙØªÙاضØÙ ÙÙÙØ¯Ø§Ù Ø§ÙØ¶ØºØ· ÙÙÙ٠اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù عبر Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡ Ø ÙØ¥Ù تدÙÙÙØ§ Ù Ø³ØªÙØ±Ùا ٠٠اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØ¹Ø°Ø¨Ø© Ù Ù Ø¬Ø§ÙØ¨ اÙÙ ÙÙØØ© Ø§ÙØ¹Ø§ÙÙ Ù Ù Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡ Ø¥ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ®Ùاض اÙÙ ÙÙØØ© Ø§ÙØ¬Ø§Ùب Ø³ÙØØ¯Ø« Ø Ù Ù Ø§ أد٠إÙ٠ع٠ÙÙØ© Ø±ÙØ¶ اÙÙ ÙØ ÙØªØ±Ø§Ù٠عÙÙ Ø¬Ø§ÙØ¨ ÙØ§ØØ¯ Ù Ù Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡ ÙØ¥Ùتاج اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØ¹Ø°Ø¨Ø© Ù Ù ÙØ§ØÙØ© أخرÙ. ÙØªØ¹Ø±Ù ÙØ°Ù Ø§ÙØ¹Ù ÙÙØ© Ù Ù Ø§ÙØØ±ÙØ© اÙÙØ³Ø±ÙØ© ÙÙÙ ÙØ§Ù Ù Ù Ø®ÙØ§Ù غشاء ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ§ØªØ¬Ø§Ù اÙÙ Ø¹Ø§ÙØ³ ÙÙÙÙØ© Ø§ÙØªÙاضØÙØ© ٠دÙÙØ¹Ø© ٠٠تدرج اÙÙ ÙÙØØ© Ø¨Ø§Ø³Ù Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹ÙسÙ.
٠عد٠ÙÙ٠اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù Ù Ù Ø®ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡ Ù٠عدة Ø£ÙØ§Ù ر Ù Ù ØØ¬Ù أعÙÙ Ù Ù Ù Ø¹Ø¯Ù Ù Ø±ÙØ± Ø§ÙØ£Ù ÙØ§Ø. ÙØ°Ø§ اÙÙØ§Ø±Ù اÙÙØ¨Ùر بÙÙ Ù Ø¹Ø¯ÙØ§Øª Ù ÙØ§Ø© اÙ٠اء ÙØ§ÙÙ ÙØ ÙØ³Ù Ø ÙØ£Ùظ٠ة Ø§ÙØ£ØºØ´ÙØ© ÙØ¥Ùتاج اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØ¹Ø°Ø¨Ø© ذات اÙÙ ØØªÙ٠اÙ٠عدÙ٠اÙÙ ÙØ®Ùض ÙÙØºØ§ÙØ©. ÙÙØ§Ù٠ضغط Ù ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØªØºØ°ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªØ·Ø¨ÙÙÙØ© Ø§ÙØ¶ØºØ· Ø§ÙØªÙاضØÙ ÙÙØªØºÙب عÙÙ ÙÙØ¯Ø§Ù Ø§ÙØ¶ØºØ· Ø§ÙØ°Ù ÙØØ¯Ø« Ø¹ÙØ¯Ù ا ÙÙØªÙ٠اÙ٠اء Ø®ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡ Ø ÙØ¨Ø°ÙÙ ÙØªÙ Ø§ÙØÙØ§Ø¸ عÙ٠اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØ¹Ø°Ø¨Ø© عÙÙ Ø¬Ø§ÙØ¨ Ù ÙØ®Ùض اÙÙ ÙÙØØ© (اÙÙ ÙØªÙخة) Ù Ù Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡ ØØªÙ ÙØ®Ø±Ø¬ ÙØ°Ø§ اÙ٠اء ٠٠غشاء Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡.
Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø ÙØ¹Ù ÙÙØ© Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹ÙسÙ
ÙØªÙ Ø§ÙØ§ØØªÙاظ Ø§ÙØ£Ù ÙØ§Ø اÙÙØ§Ø±Ø¯Ø© عÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¬Ø§Ùب ٠صدر اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù (اÙ٠ؤثر) Ù Ù Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡ ÙØªØ±Ùز. ÙØªÙ Ø§Ø®ÙØ§Ø¤ÙÙ Ù٠اÙÙÙØ§ÙØ© Ù Ù ÙØ¹Ø§Ø¡ Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡ ÙÙØªØ®Ùص Ù ÙÙØ§. ÙÙØªÙجة ÙØ°ÙÙ Ø ØªØ¤Ø¯Ù Ø¹Ù ÙÙØ© Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹Ùس٠إÙÙ ØªÙØ§Ø±ÙÙ – Ø£ØØ¯Ù٠ا ٠٠اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØ¹Ø°Ø¨Ø© ذات اÙÙ ÙÙØØ© اÙÙ ÙØ®Ùضة (اÙ٠تخÙÙØ©) ÙØ£ØØ¯ Ù ÙØ§Ù ٠صدر Ø§ÙØªØºØ°ÙØ© ذات اÙÙ ÙÙØØ© اÙÙ Ø±ØªÙØ¹Ø© (اÙÙ Ø±ÙØ²Ø§Øª أ٠اÙÙ ØØ§ÙÙ٠اÙÙ ÙØÙØ© Ø£Ù Ø§ÙØ£Ø³Ùتات) Ø Ù٠ا ÙÙ Ù ÙØ¶Ø ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ´ÙÙ Ø£Ø¹ÙØ§Ù. ÙÙ ØÙÙ ØªØ±ÙØ¶ Ø£ØºØ´ÙØ© Ø´Ø¨Ù ÙØ§Ø¨ÙØ© ÙÙØªØ·Ø¨ÙÙ Ø¬Ù ÙØ¹ اÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ Ø§ÙØµÙبة اÙ٠عÙÙØ© Ø ÙÙÙ ÙÙØ³Øª ØØ§Ø¬Ø²Ùا Ù Ø·ÙÙÙØ§ ÙÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ Ø§ÙØµÙبة Ø§ÙØ°Ø§Ø¦Ø¨Ø© (اÙÙ Ø¹Ø§Ø¯Ù ÙØ§ÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ Ø§ÙØ¹Ø¶ÙÙØ© عÙÙ ØØ¯Ù Ø³ÙØ§Ø¡). بعض ٠٠رات اÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ Ø§ÙØµÙبة Ø§ÙØ°Ø§Ø¦Ø¨Ø© سÙÙ ØªØµØ§ØØ¨ Ù Ø±ÙØ± اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØ¹Ø°Ø¨Ø© عبر Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡. تعتبر Ù Ø¹Ø¯ÙØ§Øª Ù Ø±ÙØ± اÙ٠اء ÙØ§ÙÙ ÙØ Ù Ù Ø§ÙØ®ØµØ§Ø¦Øµ Ø§ÙØ±Ø¦ÙØ³ÙØ© ÙÙØ£Ø¯Ø§Ø¡ ÙÙ Ø£ØºØ´ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹ÙسÙ.
ÙØ¹Ù Ù ÙØ¸Ø§Ù Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹ÙØ³Ù Ø§ÙØµÙØ§Ø¹Ù Ø¨Ø§ÙØ·Ø±ÙÙØ© ÙÙØ³Ùا Ù٠ا ÙÙ Ù ÙØ¶Ø. ÙÙØ±Ø¶ ضغط اÙÙÙØ§Ø¯Ø© Ø§ÙØµØ§ÙÙ (صاÙ٠ضغط Ø§ÙØªØ´ØºÙÙ) اÙ٠اء Ù Ù Ø®ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡. ÙÙ ÙØ¸Ø§Ù Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹ÙØ³Ù Ø§ÙØªØ´ØºÙÙ Ø ÙØªÙ ضغط Ù ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØªØºØ°ÙØ© Ø¨ÙØ§Ø³Ø·Ø© ٠ضخة Ø§ÙØ¶ØºØ· Ø§ÙØ¹Ø§ÙÙ. بسبب صاÙ٠ضغط Ø§ÙØªØ´ØºÙÙ Ø ÙØªÙ إجبار جزء Ù Ù Ù ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØªØºØ°ÙØ© Ù Ù Ø®ÙØ§Ù غشاء Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹Ùس٠اÙÙØ§Ø¨Ù ÙÙØ¯ÙراÙ. Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡ ØºÙØ± Ù ÙÙØ°Ø§Ù باÙÙØ§Ù Ù (ÙÙ ÙØ³Ù Ø Ø¨Ù Ø±ÙØ± Ø§ÙØ¬Ø³ÙÙ ) Ø¥ÙÙ Ø¬Ø²ÙØ¦Ø§Øª ÙÙØ§Ùذا٠ÙÙÙÙØ§Ù Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ اÙ٠ذابة. اÙ٠اء Ø§ÙØ°Ù Ù٠ر عبر Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡ ÙØ³Ù ٠تخترÙ. ÙØªØ®ÙÙÙØ§ عادة جسÙ٠ات ÙÙÙÙØ© جدا ÙÙÙØ§. ٠ا ÙÙ ÙÙÙ ÙÙØ§Ù Ø¹ÙØ¨ غشائ٠(Ø«ÙØ¨) Ø£Ù Ù Ø´ÙÙØ© Ø£Ø®Ø±Ù Ø ØªÙ Ø¥ÙØªØ§Ø¬ Ø£Ù Ø¬Ø²ÙØ¦Ø§Øª Ù ÙØ¬Ùدة Ù٠اÙ٠تخÙÙ ÙÙØ§Ù (إ٠ا Ù Ù Ø§ÙØ¨ÙØªÙØ±Ùا أ٠اÙ٠عدات). ÙØªØ®Ù٠اÙ٠رطب Ø£ÙØ¶Ùا اÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ Ø§ÙØ°Ø§Ø¦Ø¨Ø© (ÙÙ ÙØ© ØµØºÙØ±Ø© ٠٠اÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ Ø§ÙØµÙبة Ø§ÙØ°Ø§Ø¦Ø¨Ø© ت٠ر عبر Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡). ÙØ¨Ø§ÙتاÙÙ Ø ÙØ¥Ù اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù اÙÙÙÙØ© عاÙÙØ© ÙØ³Ø¨ÙاÙ. ÙÙØ¶Ø Ø§ÙØ´ÙÙ Ø£Ø¯ÙØ§Ù ÙØØ¯Ø© Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹ÙØ³Ù Ø¨Ø§ÙØªÙسÙÙ Ø§ÙØ°Ù Ø§Ø³ØªØ®Ø¯Ù ÙØ§Ù ØØªÙ Ø§ÙØ¢Ù.
ÙØÙ ÙØ¹Ù٠أÙÙ Ø¹ÙØ¯Ù ا ÙÙÙÙ Ø¨Ø§ÙØ¶ØºØ· عÙÙ Ù ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØªØºØ°ÙØ© ÙØ§ÙÙ ÙØ§Ù ت٠ر عبر Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡ Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ù ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØªØºØ°ÙØ© ØªØªØ±ÙØ². إذا ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØªØ±ÙÙØ² ÙÙ Ù ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØªØºØ°ÙØ© عاÙÙÙØ§ ب٠ا ÙÙÙÙ Ø ÙØ³ÙÙ ÙØ±ØªÙع Ø§ÙØ¶ØºØ· Ø§ÙØ®ÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØªÙاضØÙ ÙÙØ¹Ø·ÙÙØ§ Ù٠اÙÙÙØ§ÙØ© ٠ستÙ٠صاÙ٠ضغط Ø§ÙØªØ´ØºÙÙ Ù Ù Ø§ÙØµÙر ÙØ³ÙتÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØªØ¯ÙÙ. ÙÙ ÙØ¸Ø§Ù Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹ÙØ³Ù Ø Ø¥Ø°Ù Ø ÙØ¬Ø¨ Ø£Ù ÙØ²Ù٠اÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ اÙ٠ذابة Ù Ù Ø³Ø·Ø Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡ بØÙØ« ÙØ§ ÙØ³ØªÙ ر Ø§ÙØ¶ØºØ· Ø§ÙØ®ÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØªÙاضØÙ. ÙØ®ØªÙÙ ÙØ°Ø§ ع٠اÙÙÙØ§ØªØ± Ø§ÙØ£Ø®Ø±Ù Ø§ÙØªÙ Ø§Ø¹ØªØ¯ÙØ§ Ø§Ø³ØªØ®Ø¯Ø§Ù ÙØ§. ٠عظ٠اÙÙÙØ§ØªØ± Ø§ÙØªÙ تعا٠ÙÙØ§ Ù Ø¹ÙØ§ ÙÙ ØÙØ§ØªÙØ§ ÙØ§Ùت Ø£ÙÙØ§Ø¹ “Ø§ÙØªØ¯Ù٠اÙÙØ§Ù Ù” Ø “اÙ٠تراÙÙ ” ٠٠اÙÙÙØ§ØªØ±. “Ø§ÙØªØ¯Ù٠اÙÙØ§Ù Ù” ÙØ¹Ù٠أ٠ÙÙØ§Ù ØªÙØ§Ø±Ùا ÙØ§ØØ¯Ùا ÙÙ (Ù ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØªØºØ°ÙØ©) Ù ØªÙØ§Ø± ÙØ§ØØ¯ (Ø±Ø´Ø§ØØ©). ÙØ¹ÙÙ “Ø§ÙØªØ±Ø§ÙÙ Ù” Ø£Ù “اÙ٠ادة” Ø§ÙØªÙ تت٠تصÙÙØªÙا تتراÙÙ Ù٠اÙÙÙØªØ± Ø£Ù Ù٠اÙÙÙØªØ±.
Ù Ù ÙÙØ§ØªØ± اÙÙÙÙØ© Ø Ø¥ÙÙ ÙÙØ§ØªØ± Ø§ÙØ®Ø±Ø·Ùشة Ø Ø¥ÙÙ ÙÙØ§ØªØ± اÙÙØ³Ø§Ø¦Ø· اÙ٠تعددة Ø ÙØ§Ù ÙØ°Ø§ ÙÙ Ø§ÙØØ§Ù. ØªØ¯Ø®Ù Ù ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØªØºØ°ÙØ© Ø ØªØªÙ Ø¥Ø²Ø§ÙØ© “Ø§ÙØ£Ø´Ùاء” Ø§ÙØªÙ ÙØ±Ùد Ø¥Ø²Ø§ÙØªÙا Ø¨ÙØ§Ø³Ø·Ø© اÙÙÙØªØ±. Ø¹ÙØ¯Ù ا ÙØµØ¨Ø اÙÙÙØªØ± Ù Ù ØªÙØ¦Ùا Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙØ§ ÙÙØºÙ Ø£Ù ÙØ¨Ø¯Ù اÙÙÙØªØ±. ÙØ§ ÙÙ Ù٠أ٠تÙÙÙ Ø£ÙØ¸Ù Ø© Ø§ÙØ£ØºØ´ÙØ© ذات تدÙÙ ÙØ§Ù ٠أ٠تراÙÙ ÙØ©. ٠ع غشاء Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹ÙØ³Ù Ø ÙÙÙ٠بتصÙÙØ© Ø§ÙØ£ÙÙÙØ§Øª Ø§ÙØªÙ ÙÙØ§ ضغط ØªÙØ§Ø¶ØÙ. ٠اذا Ø³ÙØØ¯Ø« إذا ÙØ§ØµÙÙØ§ تصÙÙØ© اÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ Ø§ÙØ°Ø§Ø¦Ø¨Ø© Ø§ÙØªÙ ØªÙØªØ¬ Ø¶ØºØ·ÙØ§ Ø®ÙÙÙÙØ§ ØªÙØ§Ø¶ØÙÙØ§Ø Ø§ÙØ¥Ø¬Ø§Ø¨Ø©: ستتÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¹Ù ÙÙØ©.
ÙØ°ÙÙ Ø ÙØ¬Ø¨ Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙØØ¯Ø© Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹Ùس٠اÙÙÙØ§Ø¡ تدÙÙ Ø§ÙØªØ¯ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ°Ù ÙÙÙ٠اÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ اÙ٠ذابة ÙØ§Ù٠عÙÙØ©. ÙØ°Ø§ ØªÙØ§Ø± اÙÙÙØ§Ùات ÙØ³Ù Ù Ù ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØªØ±ÙÙØ². ÙØ°ÙÙ Ø ÙØ¥Ù ÙØØ¯Ø© Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹Ùس٠ÙÙ Ø§ÙØªÙ ØªØØªÙ٠عÙÙ ØªÙØ§Ø± ÙØ§ØØ¯ ÙØ¯Ø®Ù Ø¥ÙÙÙ (ØªØºØ°ÙØ© اÙ٠اء) Ø ÙØ£Ù ÙÙØ§Ù ÙÙØ¹Ø§Ù Ù Ù Ø§ÙØªØ¯ÙÙØ§Øª Ø§ÙØµØ§Ø¯Ø±Ø© (اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù اÙÙØ¸ÙÙØ© ÙØ§ÙÙ ÙØ§Ù اÙÙ ÙÙØ«Ø© اÙÙ Ø±ÙØ²Ø©).
ÙØ¹Ø±Ø¶ Ø§ÙØ±Ø³Ù Ø§ÙØªÙØ¶ÙØÙ Ø§ÙØªØ§ÙÙ Ø£ÙØ¶Ùا ÙØØ¯Ø© Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹Ùس٠٠ع تدÙ٠٠اء ØªØºØ°ÙØ© ب٠عد٠100 جاÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¯ÙÙÙØ© (22.7 ٠تر Ù ÙØ¹Ø¨ ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ³Ø§Ø¹Ø©). بسبب صاÙ٠ضغط Ø§ÙØªØ´ØºÙ٠اÙÙ ÙØ¯Ù Ø© ٠٠٠ضخة Ø§ÙØ¶ØºØ· Ø§ÙØ¹Ø§ÙÙ Ø ÙØªÙ إجبار ØÙاÙÙ 75 Ùª Ù Ù Ù ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØªØºØ°ÙØ© Ù Ù Ø®ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡. ØªØªØ±ÙØ² اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù ÙØ§ÙجسÙ٠ات Ø§ÙØ¹Ø§ÙÙØ© ÙØ§ÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ Ø§ÙØ°Ø§Ø¦Ø¨Ø© Ø§ÙØªÙ ÙØ§ ت٠ر عبر Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡ ÙØªØªØ±Ù ÙØØ¯Ø© Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹Ùس٠Ù٠ادة Ù Ø±ÙØ²Ø©.
اعت٠ادا عÙÙ ØØ¬Ù ÙØ§ ÙØ´ØÙØªÙØ§ اÙÙÙØ±Ø¨Ø§Ø¦ÙØ© Ø ÙØªÙ Ø§ÙØ§ØØªÙاظ ب٠عظ٠٠ÙÙÙØ§Øª اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù (اÙ٠رÙÙØ¶Ø©) عÙÙ Ø¬Ø§ÙØ¨ ØªØºØ°ÙØ© غشاء Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹Ùس٠بÙÙ٠ا Ù٠ر اÙ٠اء اÙÙÙÙ (اÙÙ ÙØªÙØ®) Ø®ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØºØ´Ø§Ø¡. ÙÙØ¶Ø Ø§ÙØ´ÙÙ Ø£Ø¯ÙØ§Ù Ø£ØØ¬Ø§Ù ÙØ£ÙÙØ§Ø¹ اÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ Ø§ÙØµÙبة Ø§ÙØªÙ ØªÙ Ø¥Ø²Ø§ÙØªÙا Ø¨ÙØ§Ø³Ø·Ø© Ø£ØºØ´ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹Ùس٠باÙÙ ÙØ§Ø±ÙØ© ٠ع تÙÙÙØ§Øª Ø§ÙØªØ±Ø´ÙØ Ø§ÙØ£Ø®Ø±Ù Ø§ÙØ´Ø§Ø¦Ø¹Ø© Ø§ÙØ§Ø³ØªØ®Ø¯Ø§Ù . ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙØ£ØºØ´ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹ÙØ³Ù Ø±ÙØ¶ Ø§ÙØ¬Ø³Ù٠ات ÙØ§ÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ Ø§ÙØµÙبة Ø§ÙØ°Ø§Ø¦Ø¨Ø© Ù Ù Ø£Ù ØØ¬Ù . Ù٠ع ذÙÙ Ø ÙÙÙ ÙØ§ ÙØ±ÙضÙÙ Ø§ÙØºØ§Ø²Ø§Øª Ø§ÙØ¬Ùدة Ø Ø¨Ø³Ø¨Ø¨ ØØ¬Ù ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¬Ø²ÙØ¦Ù Ø§ÙØµØºÙر. عادة Ø£ØºØ´ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹ÙØ³Ù Ø¥Ø²Ø§ÙØ© Ø£ÙØ«Ø± Ù Ù 90 Ù٠اÙ٠ئة ٠٠اÙÙ Ø±ÙØ¨Ø§Øª Ù Ù 200 Ø¯Ø§ÙØªÙÙ (دا) Ø£Ù Ø£ÙØ«Ø±. ÙØ§ØØ¯ دا ÙØ³Ø§ÙÙ 1.666054 à 10â24 ج٠. Ù Ù ØÙØ« Ø§ÙØØ¬Ù Ø§ÙÙ Ø§Ø¯Ù Ø ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØ£ØºØ´ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹ÙØ³Ù Ø£Ù ØªØ±ÙØ¶ اÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ Ø§ÙØµÙبة ذات Ø§ÙØØ¬Ù Ø§ÙØ£Ùبر Ù Ù 1 (Ø§ÙØ¬Ø³ØªØ±ÙÙ ) à . ÙÙØ°Ø§ ÙØ¹Ù٠أÙÙ Ø¨Ø¥Ù ÙØ§ÙÙÙ Ø¥Ø²Ø§ÙØ© Ø¬Ù ÙØ¹ اÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ Ø§ÙØµÙبة Ø§ÙØ¹Ø§ÙÙØ© Ø Ø£Ù Ø§ÙØ¨Ø±ÙØªÙØ²Ùا (Ø£Ù Ø§ÙØ¬ÙØ§Ø±Ø¯ÙØ§ ÙØ§ÙÙØ±ÙØ¨ØªÙØ³Ø¨ÙØ±ÙØ¯ÙÙÙ ) ÙØ§ÙØ¨ÙØªÙØ±ÙØ§ ÙØ§ÙÙÙØ±Ùسات ÙØºÙØ±ÙØ§ ٠٠٠سببات Ø§ÙØ£Ù راض Ø§ÙØ¨Ø´Ø±ÙØ© اÙÙ ÙØ¬Ùدة ÙÙ Ù ÙØ§Ù اÙ٠صدر. ÙÙ ØÙÙ Ø£Ù Ø£ØºØ´ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹Ùس٠ÙÙ ÙÙ Ø£Ù ØªØØªÙظ Ø¨Ø§ÙØ¬Ø³Ù٠ات Ø§ÙØµÙبة ÙØ§Ù٠ذابة عÙÙ ØØ¯ Ø³ÙØ§Ø¡ Ø Ø¥ÙØ§ Ø£ÙÙØ§ ٠ص٠٠ة بØÙØ« ØªØ±ÙØ¶ Ù٠اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØ£Ù٠اÙÙ Ø±ÙØ¨Ø§Øª اÙÙØ§Ø¨ÙØ© ÙÙØ°Ùبا٠(Ø£ÙÙÙØ§Øª اÙ٠عادÙ).
Ø¥Ù ÙÙÙÙ ÙØªÙÙÙÙ Ø£ØºØ´ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹ÙØ³Ù ÙØ§ ÙÙ ÙÙÙ٠ا تخزÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØ§Øª ÙØ¨Ùرة ٠٠اÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ Ø§ÙØµÙبة اÙ٠عÙÙØ© ÙØ¥Ø²Ø§ÙØªÙØ§ Ù ÙÙØ§. إذا ØªÙØ±Ùت ÙÙ Ù ÙØ§Ù اÙ٠صدر Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ø§ÙØ¬Ø³Ù٠ات Ø§ÙØµÙبة تتراÙÙ ÙØªÙÙØ° بسرعة Ø³Ø·Ø ÙØ±ÙÙØ© Ù Ù Ø£ØºØ´ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹ÙØ³Ù Ø ÙÙØ§ ØªØ³Ù Ø ÙÙØ£ØºØ´ÙØ© Ø¨Ø§ÙØÙØ§Ø¸ عÙ٠ع٠ÙÙØ© تØÙÙØ© ٠ست٠رة ÙÙØØ§ÙØ© Ø§ÙØ«Ø§Ø¨ØªØ©. ÙØ°ÙÙ Ø ÙØ¬Ø¨ Ø¥Ø²Ø§ÙØ© اÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¯ Ø§ÙØµÙبة Ø§ÙØ¹Ø§ÙÙØ© (Ø§ÙØ¬Ø³Ù٠ات) اÙÙ ÙØ¬Ùدة ÙÙ Ù ÙØ§Ù اÙ٠صدر اÙ٠ستخد٠ة ÙØªØÙÙØ© اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù ÙØ¨Ù ÙØµÙÙÙØ§ Ø¥ÙÙ Ø£ØºØ´ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹ÙسÙ. ØªØ±ÙØ² اÙÙØµÙÙ Ø§ÙØªØ§ÙÙØ© Ù Ù ÙØ°Ø§ اÙÙØªØ§Ø¨ ØØµØ±ÙÙØ§ عÙÙ Ø§ÙØªØ®Ø·ÙØ· ÙØ§ÙÙÙØ¯Ø³Ø© ÙØ£Ùظ٠ة تØÙÙØ© Ø£ØºØ´ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹ÙسÙ.
عÙÙ Ù Ø¯Ù Ø§ÙØ³ÙÙØ§Øª Ø§ÙØ¹Ø´Ø±Ù٠اÙÙ Ø§Ø¶ÙØ© Ø ØªØ·ÙØ± ÙØµÙ Ø£ØºØ´ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹Ùس٠بسرعة Ø£ÙØ¨Ø± ٠٠أ٠تÙÙÙÙÙØ¬Ùا تØÙÙØ© Ø£Ø®Ø±Ù Ø ÙÙØ±Ø¬Ø¹ ذÙ٠أساسا Ø¥Ù٠استÙÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØ·Ø§ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªÙØ§ÙØ³Ù ÙØªÙاÙÙÙ Ø¥ÙØªØ§Ø¬ اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù. ÙØ´Ùر تØÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØ·Ø§ÙØ© ÙØ§ÙتÙÙÙØ© اÙÙØ§Ø±Ø¯ ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¬Ø¯ÙÙ 1-3 Ø¥Ù٠أ٠استÙÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØ·Ø§ÙØ© Ø§ÙØ´Ø§Ù Ù ÙÙÙÙØ§ ÙØ¥Ùتاج اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØ¹Ø°Ø¨Ø© Ù Ù Ù ØØ·Ø§Øª Ø§ÙØªØÙÙØ© Ø§ÙØØ±Ø§Ø±ÙØ© أعÙ٠عادة ٠٠استÙÙØ§Ù اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù اÙÙ Ø§ÙØØ© Ø£Ù Ù ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØ¨ØØ±. ØªÙØªØ¬ ع٠ÙÙØ© تØÙÙØ© اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØªÙ تÙÙÙ Ø¨ÙØ§ Ù ØØ·Ø§Øª Ù Ø¹Ø§ÙØ¬Ø© اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù بتÙÙÙÙÙØ¬Ùا Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹Ùس٠أÙÙ ØªÙØ§ÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¥Ùتاج Ø§ÙØ¥Ø¬Ù اÙÙØ© ÙØ¬Ù ÙØ¹ تÙÙÙÙÙØ¬Ùات تØÙÙØ© اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù. ٠٠اÙÙ ÙÙ Ø£ÙØ¶Ùا Ù ÙØ§ØØ¸Ø© Ø£Ù Ø£ØØ¯Ø« Ù Ø´Ø§Ø±ÙØ¹ Multi-Effect Distillation MED Ø§ÙØªÙ بÙÙØª عÙ٠٠دار Ø§ÙØ®Ù س سÙÙØ§Øª اÙÙ Ø§Ø¶ÙØ© ÙØ¯ Ø§ÙØªÙ ÙØª Ø¨ØªÙØ§ÙÙÙ Ù Ù Ø§Ø«ÙØ© ÙØªÙÙ Ø§ÙØ®Ø§ØµØ© Ø¨Ù ØµØ§ÙØ¹ Ù ØØ·Ø§Øª تØÙÙØ© اÙÙ ÙØ§Ù Ø¨Ø§ÙØªÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙØ¹Ùس٠اÙÙ Ù Ø§Ø«ÙØ©. Ù٠ع ذÙÙ Ø Ø¨Ø§ÙÙØ³Ø¨Ø© Ù٠عظ٠اÙÙ Ø´Ø§Ø±ÙØ¹ اÙÙ ØªÙØ³Ø·Ø© ÙØ§ÙÙØ¨Ùرة Ø Ø¹Ø§Ø¯Ø© ٠ا ÙÙÙ٠تØÙÙØ© Ù ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØ¨ØØ± اÙÙ ØªÙØ³Ø· ââØ£ÙØ«Ø± ØªÙØ§ÙØ³ÙØ© Ù Ù ØÙØ« Ø§ÙØªÙÙÙØ© ٠٠تÙÙÙØ§Øª Ø§ÙØªØÙÙØ© Ø§ÙØØ±Ø§Ø±ÙØ©.



